Measurement of figures: Book 12 Proposition 15
Translations
Τῶν ἴσων κώνων καὶ κυλίνδρων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν: καὶ ὧν κώνων καὶ κυλίνδρων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσοι εἰσὶν ἐκεῖνοι. Ἔστωσαν ἴσοι κῶνοι καὶ κύλινδροι, ὧν βάσεις μὲν οἱ ΑΒΓΔ, ΕΖΗΘ κύκλοι, διάμετροι δὲ αὐτῶν αἱ ΑΓ, ΕΗ, ἄξονες δὲ οἱ ΚΛ, ΜΝ, οἵτινες καὶ ὕψη εἰσὶ τῶν κώνων ἢ κυλίνδρων, καὶ συμπεπληρώσθωσαν οἱ ΑΞ, ΕΟ κύλινδροι. λέγω, ὅτι τῶν ΑΞ, ΕΟ κυλίνδρων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος. Τὸ γὰρ ΛΚ ὕψος τῷ ΜΝ ὕψει ἤτοι ἴσον ἐστὶν ἢ οὔ. ἔστω πρότερον ἴσον. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος τῷ ΕΟ κυλίνδρῳ ἴσος. οἱ δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος ὄντες κῶνοι καὶ κύλινδροι πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰσὶν ὡς αἱ βάσεις: ἴση ἄρα καὶ ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις τῇ ΕΖΗΘ βάσει. ὥστε καὶ ἀντιπέπονθεν, ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος. ἀλλὰ δὴ μὴ ἔστω τὸ ΛΚ ὕψος τῷ ΜΝ ἴσον, ἀλλ' ἔστω μεῖζον τὸ ΜΝ, καὶ ἀφῃρήσθω ἀπὸ τοῦ ΜΝ ὕψους τῷ ΚΛ ἴσον τὸ ΠΝ, καὶ διὰ τοῦ Π σημείου τετμήσθω ὁ ΕΟ κύλινδρος ἐπιπέδῳ τῷ ΤΥΣ παραλλήλῳ τοῖς τῶν ΕΖΗΘ, ΡΟ κύκλων ἐπιπέδοις, καὶ ἀπὸ βάσεως μὲν τοῦ ΕΖΗΘ κύκλου, ὕψους δὲ τοῦ ΝΠ κύλινδρος νενοήσθω ὁ ΕΣ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴσος ἐστὶν ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος τῷ ΕΟ κυλίνδρῳ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον, οὕτως ὁ ΕΟ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον. ἀλλ' ὡς μὲν ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον, οὕτως ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ: ὑπὸ γὰρ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος εἰσὶν οἱ ΑΞ, ΕΣ κύλινδροι: ὡς δὲ ὁ ΕΟ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΠΝ ὕψος: ὁ γὰρ ΕΟ κύλινδρος ἐπιπέδῳ τέτμηται παραλλήλῳ ὄντι τοῖς ἀπεναντίον ἐπιπέδοις. ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΠΝ ὕψος. ἴσον δὲ τὸ ΠΝ ὕψος τῷ ΚΛ ὕψει: ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος. τῶν ἄρα ΑΞ, ΕΟ κυλίνδρων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν. Ἀλλὰ δὴ τῶν ΑΞ, ΕΟ κυλίνδρων ἀντιπεπονθέτωσαν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καὶ ἔστω ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος: λέγω, ὅτι ἴσος ἐστὶν ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος τῷ ΕΟ κυλίνδρῳ. Τῶν γὰρ αὐτῶν κατασκευασθέντων ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος, ἴσον δὲ τὸ ΚΛ ὕψος τῷ ΠΝ ὕψει, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΠΝ ὕψος. ἀλλ' ὡς μὲν ἡ ΑΒΓΔ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΕΖΗΘ βάσιν, οὕτως ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον: ὑπὸ γὰρ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος εἰσίν: ὡς δὲ τὸ ΜΝ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ ΠΝ [ὕψος], οὕτως ὁ ΕΟ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον: ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ κύλινδρον, οὕτως ὁ ΕΟ κύλινδρος πρὸς τὸν ΕΣ. ἴσος ἄρα ὁ ΑΞ κύλινδρος τῷ ΕΟ κυλίνδρῳ. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κώνων: ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
In equal cones and cylinders the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights; and those cones and cylinders in which the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights are equal. Let there be equal cones and cylinders of which the circles ABCD, EFGH are the bases; let AC, EG be the diameters of the bases, and KL, MN the axes, which are also the heights of the cones or cylinders; let the cylinders AO, EP be completed. I say that in the cylinders AO, EP the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height KL. For the height LK is either equal to the height MN or not equal. First, let it be equal. Now the cylinder AO is also equal to the cylinder EP. But cones and cylinders which are of the same height are to one another as their bases; [XII. 11] therefore the base ABCD is also equal to the base EFGH. Hence also, reciprocally, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height KL. Next, let the height LK not be equal to MN, but let MN be greater; from the height MN let QN be cut off equal to KL, through the point Q let the cylinder EP be cut by the plane TUS parallel to the planes of the circles EFGH, RP, and let the cylinder ES be conceived erected from the circle EFGH as base and with height NQ. Now, since the cylinder AO is equal to the cylinder EP, therefore, as the cylinder AO is to the cylinder ES, so is the cylinder EP to the cylinder ES. [V. 7] But, as the cylinder AO is to the cylinder ES, so is the base ABCD to the base EFGH, for the cylinders AO, ES are of the same height; [XII. 11] and, as the cylinder EP is to the cylinder ES, so is the height MN to the height QN, for the cylinder EP has been cut by a plane which is parallel to its opposite planes. [XII. 13] Therefore also, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height QN. [V. 11] But the height QN is equal to the height KL; therefore, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height KL. Therefore in the cylinders AO, EP the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights. Next, in the cylinders AO, EP let the bases be reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so let the height MN be to the height KL; I say that the cylinder AO is equal to the cylinder EP. For, with the same construction, since, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height KL, while the height KL is equal to the height QN, therefore, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the height MN to the height QN But, as the base ABCD is to the base EFGH, so is the cylinder AO to the cylinder ES, for they are of the same height; [XII. 11] and, as the height MN is to QN, so is the cylinder EP to the cylinder ES; [XII. 13] therefore, as the cylinder AO is to the cylinder ES, so is the cylinder EP to the cylinder ES. [V. 11] Therefore the cylinder AO is equal to the cylinder EP. [V. 9]