Solid geometry: Book 11 Proposition 34
Translations
Τῶν ἴσων στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν: καὶ ὧν στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσα ἐστὶν ἐκεῖνα. Ἔστω ἴσα στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα τὰ ΑΒ, ΓΔ: λέγω, ὅτι τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος. Ἔστωσαν γὰρ πρότερον αἱ ἐφεστηκυῖαι αἱ ΑΗ, ΕΖ, ΛΒ, ΘΚ, ΓΜ, ΝΞ, ΟΔ, ΠΡ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ταῖς βάσεσιν αὐτῶν: λέγω, ὅτι ἐστὶν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΑΗ. Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἴση ἐστιν ἡ ΕΘ βάσις τῇ ΝΠ βάσει, ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ ἴσον, ἔσται καὶ ἡ ΓΜ τῇ ΑΗ ἴση. τὰ γὰρ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα πρὸς ἄλληλά ἐστιν ὡς αἱ βάσεις [εἰ γὰρ τῶν ΕΘ, ΝΠ βάσεων ἴσων οὐσῶν μὴ εἴη τὰ ΑΗ, ΓΜ ὕψη ἴσα, οὐδ' ἄρα τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν ἴσον ἔσται τῷ ΓΔ. ὑπόκειται δὲ ἴσον: οὐκ ἄρα ἄνισόν ἐστι τὸ ΓΜ ὕψος τῷ ΑΗ ὕψει: ἴσον ἄρα]. καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ, οὕτως ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΑΗ, καὶ φανερόν, ὅτι τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν. Μὴ ἔστω δὴ ἴση ἡ ΕΘ βάσις τῇ ΝΠ βάσει, ἀλλ' ἔστω μείζων ἡ ΕΘ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ ἴσον: μείζων ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ ΓΜ τῆς ΑΗ [εἰ γὰρ μή, οὐδ' ἄρα πάλιν τὰ ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεὰ ἴσα ἔσται: ὑπόκειται δὲ ἴσα]. κείσθω οὖν τῇ ΑΗ ἴση ἡ ΓΤ, καὶ συμπεπληρώσθω ἀπὸ βάσεως μὲν τῆς ΝΠ, ὕψους δὲ τοῦ ΓΤ, στερεὸν παραλληλεπίπεδον τὸ ΦΓ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ, ἔξωθεν δὲ τὸ ΓΦ, τὰ δὲ ἴσα πρὸς τὸ αὐτὸ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει λόγον, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν, οὕτως τὸ ΓΔ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν. ἀλλ' ὡς μὲν τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν, οὕτως ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν: ἰσουψῆ γὰρ τὰ ΑΒ, ΓΦ στερεά: ὡς δὲ τὸ ΓΔ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν, οὕτως ἡ ΜΠ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΤΠ βάσιν καὶ ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΓΤ: καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΜΓ πρὸς τὴν ΓΤ. ἴση δὲ ἡ ΓΤ τῇ ΑΗ: καὶ ὡς ἄρα ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΜΓ πρὸς τὴν ΑΗ. τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ ἄρα στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν. Πάλιν δὴ τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπονθέτωσαν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καὶ ἔστω ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος: λέγω, ὅτι ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ. Ἔστωσαν [γὰρ] πάλιν αἱ ἐφεστηκυῖαι πρὸς ὀρθὰς ταῖς βάσεσιν, καὶ εἰ μὲν ἴση ἐστὶν ἡ ΕΘ βάσις τῇ ΝΠ βάσει, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος, ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος τῷ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψει. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ ἴσων βάσεων στερεὰ παραλληλεπίπεδα καὶ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος ἴσα ἀλλήλοις ἐστίν: ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ. Μὴ ἔστω δὴ ἡ ΕΘ βάσις τῇ ΝΠ [βάσει] ἴση, ἀλλ' ἔστω μείζων ἡ ΕΘ: μεῖζον ἄρα ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος τοῦ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψους, τουτέστιν ἡ ΓΜ τῆς ΑΗ. κείσθω τῇ ΑΗ ἴση πάλιν ἡ ΓΤ, καὶ συμπεπληρώσθω ὁμοίως τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν. ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΜΓ πρὸς τὴν ΑΗ, ἴση δὲ ἡ ΑΗ τῇ ΓΤ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΓΤ. ἀλλ' ὡς μὲν ἡ ΕΘ [βάσις] πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν: ἰσουψῆ γάρ ἐστι τὰ ΑΒ, ΓΦ στερεά: ὡς δὲ ἡ ΓΜ πρὸς τὴν ΓΤ, οὕτως ἥ τε ΜΠ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΠΤ βάσιν καὶ τὸ ΓΔ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν. καὶ ὡς ἄρα τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν, οὕτως τὸ ΓΔ στερεὸν πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ στερεόν: ἑκάτερον ἄρα τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ πρὸς τὸ ΓΦ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει λόγον. ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ [ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι]. Μὴ ἔστωσαν δὴ αἱ ἐφεστηκυῖαι αἱ ΖΕ, ΒΛ, ΗΑ, ΘΚ, ΞΝ, ΔΟ, ΜΓ, ΡΠ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ταῖς βάσεσιν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἤχθωσαν ἀπὸ τῶν Ζ, Η, Β, Κ, Ξ, Μ, Δ, Ρ σημείων ἐπὶ τὰ διὰ τῶν ΕΘ, ΝΠ ἐπίπεδα κάθετοι καὶ συμβαλλέτωσαν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις κατὰ τὰ Σ, Τ, Υ, Φ, Χ, Ψ, Ω, ϛ, καὶ συμπεπληρώσθω τὰ ΖΦ, ΞΩ στερεά: λέγω, ὅτι καὶ οὕτως ἴσων ὄντων τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος. Ἐπεὶ ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ΑΒ τῷ ΒΤ ἐστιν ἴσον: ἐπί τε γὰρ τῆς αὐτῆς βάσεώς εἰσι τῆς ΖΚ καὶ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος [ὧν αἱ ἐφεστῶσαι οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν εὐθειῶν]: τὸ δὲ ΓΔ στερεὸν τῷ ΔΨ ἐστιν ἴσον: ἐπί τε γὰρ πάλιν τῆς αὐτῆς βάσεώς εἰσι τῆς ΡΞ καὶ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος [ὧν αἱ ἐφεστῶσαι οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν εὐθειῶν]: καὶ τὸ ΒΤ ἄρα στερεὸν τῷ ΔΨ στερεῷ ἴσον ἐστίν [τῶν δὲ ἴσων στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων, ὧν τὰ ὕψη πρὸς ὀρθάς ἐστι ταῖς βάσεσιν αὐτῶν, ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν]. ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΖΚ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΞΡ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΔΨ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΤ στερεοῦ ὕψος. ἴση δὲ ἡ μὲν ΖΚ βάσις τῇ ΕΘ βάσει, ἡ δὲ ΞΡ βάσις τῇ ΝΠ βάσει: ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΔΨ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΤ στερεοῦ ὕψος. τὰ δ' αὐτὰ ὕψη ἐστὶ τῶν ΔΨ, ΒΤ στερεῶν καὶ τῶν ΔΓ, ΒΑ: ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΔΓ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος. τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ ἄρα στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν. Πάλιν δὴ τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπονθέτωσαν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, καὶ ἔστω ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος: λέγω, ὅτι ἴσον ἐστὶ τὸ ΑΒ στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ. Τῶν γὰρ αὐτῶν κατασκευασθέντων, ἐπεί ἐστιν ὡς ἡ ΕΘ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΝΠ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος, ἴση δὲ ἡ μὲν ΕΘ βάσις τῇ ΖΚ βάσει, ἡ δὲ ΝΠ τῇ ΞΡ, ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΖΚ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΞΡ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΓΔ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΑΒ στερεοῦ ὕψος. τὰ δ' αὐτὰ ὕψη ἐστὶ τῶν ΑΒ, ΓΔ στερεῶν καὶ τῶν ΒΤ, ΔΨ: ἔστιν ἄρα ὡς ἡ ΖΚ βάσις πρὸς τὴν ΞΡ βάσιν, οὕτως τὸ τοῦ ΔΨ στερεοῦ ὕψος πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ΒΤ στερεοῦ ὕψος. τῶν ΒΤ, ΔΨ ἄρα στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων ἀντιπεπόνθασιν αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν [ὧν δὲ στερεῶν παραλληλεπιπέδων τὰ ὕψη πρὸς ὀρθάς ἐστι ταῖς βάσεσιν αὐτῶν, ἀντιπεπόνθασι δὲ αἱ βάσεις τοῖς ὕψεσιν, ἴσα ἐστὶν ἐκεῖνα]: ἴσον ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ ΒΤ στερεὸν τῷ ΔΨ στερεῷ. ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ΒΤ τῷ ΒΑ ἴσον ἐστίν: ἐπί τε γὰρ τῆς αὐτῆς βάσεως [εἰσι] τῆς ΖΚ καὶ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος [ὧν αἱ ἐφεστῶσαι οὐκ εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν εὐθειῶν]. τὸ δὲ ΔΨ στερεὸν τῷ ΔΓ στερεῷ ἴσον ἐστίν [ἐπί τε γὰρ πάλιν τῆς αὐτῆς βάσεώς εἰσι τῆς ΞΡ καὶ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὕψος καὶ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς αὐταῖς εὐθείαις]. καὶ τὸ ΑΒ ἄρα στερεὸν τῷ ΓΔ στερεῷ ἐστιν ἴσον: ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
In equal parallelepipedal solids the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights; and those parallelepipedal solids in which the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights are equal. Let AB, CD be equal parallelepipedal solids; I say that in the parallelepipedal solids AB, CD the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the height of the solid CD to the height of the solid AB. First, let the sides which stand up, namely AG, EF, LB, HK, CM, NO, PD, QR, be at right angles to their bases; I say that, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is CM to AG. If now the base EH is equal to the base NQ, while the solid AB is also equal to the solid CD, CM will also be equal to AG. For parallelepipedal solids of the same height are to one another as the bases; [XI. 32] and, as the base EH is to NQ, so will CM be to AG, and it is manifest that in the parallelepipedal solids AB, CD the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights. Next, let the base EH not be equal to the base NQ, but let EH be greater. Now the solid AB is equal to the solid CD; therefore CM is also greater than AG. Let then CT be made equal to AG, and let the parallelepipedal solid VC be completed on NQ as base and with CT as height. Now, since the solid AB is equal to the solid CD, and CV is outside them, while equals have to the same the same ratio, [V. 7] therefore, as the solid AB is to the solid CV, so is the solid CD to the solid CV. But, as the solid AB is to the solid CV, so is the base EH to the base NQ, for the solids AB, CV are of equal height; [XI. 32] and, as the solid CD is to the solid CV, so is the base MQ to the base TQ [XI. 25] and CM to CT [VI. 1XI. 31] therefore the solid AB is equal to the solid CD. Next, let the base EH not be equal to the base NQ, but let EH be greater; therefore the height of the solid CD is also greater than the height of the solid AB, that is, CM is greater than AG. Let CT be again made equal to AG, and let the solid CV be similarly completed. Since, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is MC to AG, while AG is equal to CT, therefore, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is CM to CT. But, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the solid AB to the solid CV, for the solids AB, CV are of equal height; [XI. 32] and, as CM is to CT, so is the base MQ to the base QT [VI. 1] and the solid CD to the solid CV. [XI. 25] Therefore also, as the solid AB is to the solid CV, so is the solid CD to the solid CV; therefore each of the solids AB, CD has to CV the same ratio. Therefore the solid AB is equal to the solid CD. [V. 9] Now let the sides which stand up, FE, BL, GA, HK, ON, DP, MC, RQ, not be at right angles to their bases; let perpendiculars be drawn from the points F, G, B, K, O, M, D, R to the planes through EH, NQ, and let them meet the planes at S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, a, and let the solids FV, Oa be completed; I say that, in this case too, if the solids AB, CD are equal, the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the height of the solid CD to the height of the solid AB. Since the solid AB is equal to the solid CD, while AB is equal to BT, for they are on the same base FK and of the same height; [XI. 29, 30] and the solid CD is equal to DX, for they are again on the same base RO and of the same height; [id.: XI. 29, 30] therefore the solid BT is also equal to the solid DX. Therefore, as the base FK is to the base OR, so is the height of the solid DX to the height of the solid BT. [Part 1.] But the base FK is equal to the base EH, and the base OR to the base NQ; therefore, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the height of the solid DX to the height of the solid BT. But the solids DX, BT and the solids DC, BA have the same heights respectively; therefore, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the height of the solid DC to the height of the solid AB. Therefore in the parallelepipedal solids AB, CD the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights. Again, in the parallelepipedal solids AB, CD let the bases be reciprocally proportional to the heights, that is, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so let the height of the solid CD be to the height of the solid AB; I say that the solid AB is equal to the solid CD. For, with the same construction, since, as the base EH is to the base NQ, so is the height of the solid CD to the height of the solid AB, while the base EH is equal to the base FK, and NQ to OR, therefore, as the base FK is to the base OR, so is the height of the solid CD to the height of the solid AB. But the solids AB, CD and BT, DX have the same heights respectively; therefore, as the base FK is to the base OR, so is the height of the solid DX to the height of the solid BT. Therefore in the parallelepipedal solids BT, DX the bases are reciprocally proportional to the heights; therefore the solid BT is equal to the solid DX. [Part 1.] But BT is equal to BA, for they are on the same base FK and of the same height; [XI. 29, 30] and the solid DX is equal to the solid DC. [id.: XI. 29, 30]